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Marine mammals as food
Historically, marine mammals were hunted by coastal aboriginal humans for food and other resources. The effects of this were only localised as hunting efforts were on a relatively small scale. Later large scale commercial hunting was developed. Marine mammals were heavily exploited, leading to the extinction of some species.
Today, the exploitation of marine mammals is much reduced. However, a 2011 study found that the number of humans eating marine mammals is increasing.〔Robards MD and Reeves RR (2011) ("The global extent and character of marine mammal consumption by humans: 1970–2009" ) ''Biological Conservation'', 144(12): 2770–2786.〕 According to the study’s lead author, Martin Robards, "Some of the most commonly eaten animals are small cetaceans like the lesser dolphins... That was a surprise since only a decade ago there had only been only scattered reports of this happening".〔(Edible Marine Mammals: Study Finds 87 Species Are Eaten Around The World ) ''Huffington Post''. Updated: 27 January 2012.〕 Moreover, fish oil supplement studies have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes.
==History==
Historically, marine mammals were hunted by coastal aboriginal humans for food and other resources. The effects of this were only localised as hunting efforts were on a relatively small scale.〔Berta, A & Sumich, J. L. (1999) ''Marine mammals: evolutionary biology''. San Diego: Academic Press ISBN 0-12-093225-3〕 Later, commercial hunting was developed and marine mammals were heavily exploited. This led to the extinction of the Steller's Sea Cow and the Caribbean monk seal.〔 Today, populations of species that were historically hunted, such as blue whales ''Balaenoptera musculus'' and ''B. m. brevicauda''), and the North Pacific right whale (''Eubalaena japonica''), are much lower compared to their pre-exploited levels.〔Clapham, P. J., Young, S. B. & Brownel Jr, R. L. (1999) "Baleen whales: conservation issues and the status of the most endangered populations" ''Mammal Rev.'' 29(1): 35–60. 〕 Because whales generally have slow growth rates, are slow to reach sexual maturity, and have a low reproductive output, population recovery has been very slow.〔Whitehead, H., Reeves, R. R. & Tyack, P. L. (1999) Science and the conversation,protection,and management of wild cetaceans (eds) J. Mann , R. C. Connor, P.L Tyack & H Whitehead in ''Cetacean societies : field studies of dolphins and whales''. Chicago : University of Chicago Press ISBN 0-226-50340-2〕
Despite the fact commercial whaling is generally a thing of the past since the passage of the International Whaling Commission’s (IWC) moratorium on commercial whaling, a number of marine mammals are still subject to direct hunting. The only remaining commercial hunting of whales is by Norway where several hundred northeastern North Atlantic minke whales are harvested each year, and Iceland, which takes approximately 150 North Atlantic fin whales and less than 50 minke whales each year. Japan also harvests several hundred Antarctic and North Pacific minke whales each year under the guise of scientific research.〔 However, the illegal trade of whale and dolphin meat is a significant market in some countries.〔Baker, C. S., Cipriano, F. & Palumbi, S. R (1996) "Molecular genetic identification of whale and dolphin products from commercial markets in Korea and Japan" ''Molecular Ecology'' 5: 671-685〕 Seals and sealions are also still hunted in some areas such as Canada.
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